What factor can exacerbate stigma in relation to gender and sexual orientation?

The factor that can exacerbate stigma in relation to gender and sexual orientation is gender transgression. This concept refers to behaviors or expressions that deviate from traditional gender norms and expectations. When individuals do not conform to societal standards regarding how one should express their gender, they may face heightened scrutiny and discrimination. Gender transgression challenges the binary understanding of gender and often provokes negative reactions from those who uphold traditional views. This can lead to increased stigma, as society tends to marginalize those who defy established norms.

While cultural beliefs, societal stereotypes, and religious views can also play significant roles in shaping attitudes toward gender and sexual orientation, the specific act of gender transgression directly confronts and disrupts normative frameworks, leading to a more pronounced experience of stigma and discrimination for those individuals. This is particularly relevant in contexts where strict gender roles are enforced, as transgressing these roles can lead to social ostracism, violence, and other negative consequences.